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## Numbers

#### Description:

TYPES OF NUMBERS

1. Integers : All numbers whose fractional part is 0 (zero) like -3, -2, 1, 0, 10, 100 are integers.
2. Natural Numbers : Counting numbers like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 … Basically, all integers greater than 0 are natural numbers.
3. Whole Numbers : All natural numbers and 0 (zero) are whole numbers.
4. Prime Numbers : All numbers greater than 1 which have only two factors, the number itself and 1, are called prime numbers. Some prime numbers are 2, 3, 53, 67 and 191.
5. Composite Numbers : All numbers greater than 1 which are NOT prime are composite numbers. Some composite numbers are 4, 60, 91 and 100.

IMPORTANT POINTS ON PRIME NUMBERS

• 1 is neither prime, nor composite.
• 2 is the only even prime number.
• There are 25 prime numbers less than 100. They are : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
• To check if a number ‘p’ is prime, find a number ‘n’ such that ‘n’ is the largest natural number which satisfies n2 <= p. Now, check if ‘p’ is divisible by any of the prime numbers less than or equal to ‘n’. If ‘p’ is NOT divisible by any such prime numbers, ‘p’ is a prime number. Otherwise, p is not a prime number.
• Co-primes : Two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ are called co-prime if their highest common factor (HCF) is 1.

DIVISIBILITY TESTS

• Divisibility By 2 : A number is divisible by 2 if the last digit is any of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
• Divisibility By 3 : A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. For example, 12321 is divisible by 3 because 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 9 and 9 is divisible by 3.
• Divisibility By 4 : A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits are divisible by 4. For example, 1234 is not divisible by 4 as the last two digits 34 is not divisible by 4. But, 1232 is divisible by 4 as the last two digits 32 is divisible by 4.
• Divisibility By 5 : A number is divisible by 5 if the last digit is either 0 or 5.
• Divisibility By 6 : A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3. For example, 114 is divisible by 6 as it is divisible by both 2(last digit is 4) and 3 (1+1+4=6, 6 is divisible by 3).
• Divisibility By 8 : A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits are divisible by 8. For example, 1234 is not divisible by 8 as the last three digits 234 is not divisible by 8. But, 1232 is divisible by 8 as the last three digits 232 is divisible by 8.
• Divisibility By 9 : A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. For example, 12321 is divisible by 3 because 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 9 and 9 is divisible by 9.
• Divisibility By 11 : A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of numbers at even positions and odd positions is either 0 or a multiple of 11.

NOTE : If ‘p’ and ‘q’ are co-primes and we have a number ‘n’ that is divisible by both ‘p’ and ‘q’, ‘n’ will be divisible by p x q.
For example, 48 is divisible by both 3 and 8 and also by 3 x 8 = 24.
But, if ‘p’ and ‘q’ are NOT co-prime, then the fact that ‘n’ would be divisible by p x q given that ‘n’ is divisible by both ‘p’ and ‘q’ is not necessary. For example, 144 is divisible by both 8 and 12 (not co-prime), but it is not divisible by 8 x 12 = 96.

DIVISION THEOREM

• Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
• (xn – an) is divisible by (x – a) for all values of n. For example, for n = 2, x2– a2 = (x – a) (x + a), which is divisible by (x – a). Similarly, for n = 3, x3 – a3 = (x – a) (x2 + a2 + xa), which is divisible by (x – a).
• (xn – an) is divisible by (x + a) for all even values of n. For example, for n = 2, x2 – a2 = (x – a) (x + a), which is divisible by (x+a). Similarly, for n = 3, x3 – a3 = (x – a) (x2 + a2 + xa), which is not divisible by (x + a).
• (xn + an) is divisible by (x + a) for all odd values of n. For example, for n = 3, x3 + a3 = (x + a) (x2 + a2 – xa), which is divisible by (x + a).

Sample Problems

Question 1 : When a number is successively divided by 2, 3, 7, we get 1, 2, 3 as the remainder respectively. What is the smallest such number ?
Solution : The number is of the form 2a+1, 3b+2, 7c+3. So, we put c=1 and proceed as follows:

Basically, we successively multiply the divisors with the result of the previous stage and add the corresponding remainder.
7 x 1 + 3 = 10
3 x 10 + 2 = 32
2 x 32 + 1 = 65
Thus, 65 is the required answer.
NOTE : The answer would differ if we change the order of divisors. For smallest number, arrange the divisors in decreasing order.

Question 2 : When a number is successively divided by 2, 4, 8, we get 1, 1, 0 as the remainder respectively. What is the smallest such number ?
Solution : Proceeding in the similar manner as the above question,
8 x 1 + 0 = 8
4 x 8 + 1 = 33
2 x 33 + 1 = 67
Thus, 67 is the required answer.

Question 3 : What would be the maximum value of ‘B’ in the following equation :

      1 2 B
+ B 4 C
+ C 6 7
---------
1 0 3 5
---------



Solution : Only the leftmost part of the number can be of two or more digits. So, we split the answer as :

      1 2 B
+ B 4 C
+ C 6 7
--------
10 3 5
--------


Now, from column 1, we can easily infer that B + C = 8 or B + C = 18. First, let us consider B + C = 18. This is the case possible if and only if B = C = 9. So, the equation would be 129 + 949 + 967 = 2045, but we need 1035 as the answer. Thus, this is not the required case.
So, B + C = 8. For maximum ‘B’, we put C = 0. Therefore, B = 8.
Now, to verify our answer, we put B = 8 and C = 0 in the given equation.

      1 2 8
+ 8 4 0
+ 0 6 7
--------
10 3 5
--------


Therefore, our answer B = 8 is correct.

Question 4 : Which of the following are prime numbers ?
(i) 247
(ii) 397
(iii) 423

Solution :
(i) 162 = 256 > 247. Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 and 247 is divisible by 13. Therefore, 247 is not a prime number. It is a composite number.
(ii) 202 = 400 > 397. Prime numbers less than 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 but 397 is not divisible by any of these. Therefore, 397 is a prime number.
(iii) 212 = 441 > 423. Prime numbers less than 21 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 and 423 is divisible by 3. Therefore, 423 is not a prime number. It is a composite number.

Question 5 : Find the unit’s digit in the product (17)153 x (31)62.
Solution : The unit’s digit of the given equation would be the same as the unit’s digit of the equation 7153 x 162. Now, we need to find a pattern in the unit’s digit when we gradually increase the powers of 7. 71 gives 7, 72 gives 9, 73 gives 3, 74 gives 1. So, at the fourth power, we get the unit’s digit as 1. Therefore, to make our work easy, we need to write the original power (153) in multiples of 4 to the closest extent possible. We multiply this power (4) by a number such that we get nearest to 153. So, 4 x 38 = 152 and 7152 also has 1 in the unit’s place.
Now, (17)153 has 7 at unit’s place and (31)62 has 1 at the unit’s place.
Therefore, the problem simply reduces to 7 x 1 = 7.
Hence, the unit’s digit is 7.

Question 6 : Find the unit’s digit in (17)153 + (31)62.
Solution : The unit’s digit of the given equation would be the same as the unit’s digit of the equation 7153 + 162. Now, we need to find a pattern in the unit’s digit when we gradually increase the powers of 7. 71 gives 7, 72 gives 9, 73 gives 3, 74 gives 1. So, at the fourth power, we get the unit’s digit as 1. Therefore, to make our work easy, we need to write the original power (153) in multiples of 4 to the closest extent possible. We multiply this power (4) by a number such that we get nearest to 153. So, 4 x 38 = 152 and 7152 also has 1 in the unit’s place.
Now, (17)153 has 7 at unit’s place and (31)62 has 1 at the unit’s place.
Therefore, the problem simply reduces to 7 + 1 = 8.
Hence, the unit’s digit is 8.

Question 7 : Find the total number of prime factors in the expression (14)11 x (7)2 x (11)3 .
Solution : (14)11 x (7)2 x (11)3 = (2 x 7)11 x (7)2 x (11)3 = (2)11 x (7)11 x (7)2 x (11)3 = (2)11 x (7)13 x (11)3
Therefore, total number of prime factors = 11 + 13 + 3 = 27

Question 8 : Which digits should come in place of * and # such that the number 12386*# is divisible by both 8 and 5 ?
Solution : Since the given number should be divisible by 5, 0 or 5 must come in place of #. But, a number ending with 5 is never divisible by 8. So, 0 will replace #.
Now, the number formed by the last three digits is 6*0, which becomes divisible by 8, if * is replaced by either 8 or 4 or 0.
Hence, digits in place of * are 8 or 4 or 0 and in place of # it is 0.

Question 9 : What is the least number that must be subtracted from 9999 to make it exactly divisible by 19 ?
Solution : On dividing 9999 by 19, we get 5 as remainder. Therefore, number to be subtracted = 5.

Question 10 : What is the least number that must be added to 9999 to make it exactly divisible by 19 ?
Solution : On dividing 9999 by 19, we get 5 as remainder. Therefore, number to be added = 19 – 5 = 14.

Question 11: A number when divided by 340 gives a remainder 47. What would be the remainder when the same number is divided by 17 ?
Solution : The number is of the form 340a + 47 = 17 * (20a) + 17 * (2) + 13 = 17 * (20a + 2) + 13.
Therefore, on dividing this number by 17, we would get 13 as the remainder.

Question 12 : Find the remainder when 321 is divided by 5.
Solution : 34 = 81. So, the unit’s digit of 34 is 1.
Therefore, the unit’s digit of 320 = 1 and thus, the unit’s digit of 321 = 1*3 = 3.
3 when divided by 5 gives 3 as the remainder.
So, the remainder when 321 is divided by 5 is 3.