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Data Structures

## Evaluation of Postfix Expressions

The Postfix notation is used to represent algebraic expressions. The expressions written in postfix form are evaluated faster compared to infix notation as parenthesis are not required in postfix. We have discussed infix to postfix conversion. In this post, evaluation of postfix expressions is discussed.

Following is algorithm for evaluation postfix expressions.
1) Create a stack to store operands (or values).
2) Scan the given expression and do following for every scanned element.

• If the element is a number, push it into the stack
• If the element is a operator, pop operands for the operator from stack. Evaluate the operator and push the result back to the stack

3) When the expression is ended, the number in the stack is the final answer

Example:
Let the given expression be “2 3 1 * + 9 -“. We scan all elements one by one.
1) Scan ‘2’, it’s a number, so push it to stack. Stack contains ‘2’
2) Scan ‘3’, again a number, push it to stack, stack now contains ‘2 3? (from bottom to top)
3) Scan ‘1’, again a number, push it to stack, stack now contains ‘2 3 1?
4) Scan ‘’, it’s an operator, pop two operands from stack, apply the * operator on operands, we get 31 which results in 3. We push the result ‘3’ to stack. Stack now becomes ‘2 3?.
5) Scan ‘+’, it’s an operator, pop two operands from stack, apply the + operator on operands, we get 3 + 2 which results in 5. We push the result ‘5’ to stack. Stack now becomes ‘5’.
6) Scan ‘9’, it’s a number, we push it to the stack. Stack now becomes ‘5 9?.
7) Scan ‘-‘, it’s an operator, pop two operands from stack, apply the – operator on operands, we get 5 – 9 which results in -4. We push the result ‘-4? to stack. Stack now becomes ‘-4?.
8) There are no more elements to scan, we return the top element from stack (which is the only element left in stack).

Following is C implementation of above algorithm.

// C program to evaluate value of a postfix expression
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Stack type
struct Stack
{
int top;
unsigned capacity;
int* array;
};

// Stack Operations
struct Stack* createStack( unsigned capacity )
{
struct Stack* stack = (struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));

if (!stack) return NULL;

stack->top = -1;
stack->capacity = capacity;
stack->array = (int*) malloc(stack->capacity * sizeof(int));

if (!stack->array) return NULL;

return stack;
}

int isEmpty(struct Stack* stack)
{
return stack->top == -1 ;
}

char peek(struct Stack* stack)
{
return stack->array[stack->top];
}

char pop(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (!isEmpty(stack))
return stack->array[stack->top--] ;
return '\$';
}

void push(struct Stack* stack, char op)
{
stack->array[++stack->top] = op;
}

// The main function that returns value of a given postfix expression
int evaluatePostfix(char* exp)
{
// Create a stack of capacity equal to expression size
struct Stack* stack = createStack(strlen(exp));
int i;

// See if stack was created successfully
if (!stack) return -1;

// Scan all characters one by one
for (i = 0; exp[i]; ++i)
{
// If the scanned character is an operand or number,
// push it to the stack.
if (isdigit(exp[i]))
push(stack, exp[i] - '0');

//  If the scanned character is an operator, pop two
// elements from stack apply the operator
else
{
int val1 = pop(stack);
int val2 = pop(stack);
switch (exp[i])
{
case '+': push(stack, val2 + val1); break;
case '-': push(stack, val2 - val1); break;
case '*': push(stack, val2 * val1); break;
case '/': push(stack, val2/val1);   break;
}
}
}
return pop(stack);
}

// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
char exp[] = "231*+9-";
printf ("Value of %s is %d", exp, evaluatePostfix(exp));
return 0;
}


Output:

Value of 231*+9- is -4
Time complexity of evaluation algorithm is O(n) where n is number of characters in input expression.

There are following limitations of above implementation.
1) It supports only 4 binary operators ‘+’, ‘*’, ‘-‘ and ‘/’. It can be extended for more operators by adding more switch cases.
2) The allowed operands are only single digit operands. The program can be extended for multiple digits by adding a separator like space between all elements (operators and operands) of given expression.